import java.io.*;

/* this class facilitates the reading of integers and
   float numbers from the keyboard */

public class Keyboard {

    public static String readString () {

		char c;
		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System.in));
		String s = "";
		try {
	    	s = br.readLine();
		} catch (IOException ioe) { }
	
		return (s.trim());
    }

    public static int readInt () {
		return (Integer.parseInt(readString()));
    }

    public static float readFloat () {
		return (Float.parseFloat(readString()));
    }
    
    public static double readDouble () {
    	return (Double.parseDouble(readString()));
    }
    
    public static long readLong () {
    	return (Long.parseLong(readString()));
    }
    
    public static char readChar() {
    	return (readString().charAt(0));
    }
}